Vocabulary

The term "framework" is frequently used in academic and practical contexts. Despite its widespread use, the framework concept remains highly contextualised and closely tied to specific domains and narratives (Partelow, 2023). This overview, therefore, attempts to provide a definition of the term framework. Rather than focusing on typologies such as theoretical, conceptual or practical frameworks, this review examines the understanding of the term itself. The discussion begins with a broad overview, followed by a focused review of various fields, including policy, ecology, social studies, and architecture. Followed by reviewing its challenges and concludes with a proposed definition of what constitutes a framework.   Broad Narratives Before delving into the meaning of framework, it is essential to distinguish between three key terms: Model, Framework and Meta-Framework (Partelow, 2023). A "model" is a detailed structure that supports or explains the conceptual thinking of a framework. A "framework" is an overarching structure that argues for or achieves a particular agenda. A "meta-framework" is a higher-level structure that encompasses multiple secondary frameworks. Linguistically, the term framework has two primary meanings. The first interpretation defines a framework as a particular set of rules, ideas or beliefs used to address problems or make decisions (Partelow, 2023). Examples include the constitution of a country, a philosophical manifesto or an organisational structure. This conceptual use provides a structured approach to guiding thought processes and actions. The second interpretation refers to a physical structure that supports something built upon it. An example of this is the structural skeleton of a building, which consists of beams, columns and other elements that provide the necessary strength and rigidity to withstand loads and stresses and ensures the stability and integrity of the building (Eilouti, 2018).   Specific narratives From a policy-centred perspective, Schlager (2007) explains that a framework provides a foundational process for enquiry. However, by their very nature, frameworks cannot explain or predict outcomes. Their purpose is to provide a "metatheoretical" language for comparing and distinguishing between theories. McGinnis and Ostrom (2014) share the same view, adding that the purpose of a framework is to organise, diagnose and prescribe the elements of a particular phenomenon. From a socio-ecological perspective, however, Binder et al. (2013) clarify that the purpose of a framework is to establish a common language and provide guidance to achieve sustainable development goals. Although their objectives, backgrounds and applications differ considerably, it is important to distinguish between frameworks that address socio-ecological perspectives. Pulver et al. (2018) add that within the environmental realm, frameworks help scholars and practitioners analyse the complex, non-linear interdependencies that characterise the interactions between biophysical and social domains. They also aid in navigating new epistemological, ontological, analytical and practical horizons for integrating knowledge for sustainability solutions. From a social studies-oriented viewpoint, Cox et al. (2016) explain that frameworks define conceptual objects and their non-causal relationships. In architectural design, a framework is a structured approach that provides guidance and support for the study design process (Cox et al., 2016). From an architectural perspective, a framework helps architects create continuous connections between architectural elements and events and reveal the architectural context's complexity. Eilouti (2018) states that a framework nature in architecture is to systematically initiates concept generation, approaches, design problem-solving, and stimulates innovative ideas. Mollinga (2008) further adds that frameworks are comprehensive tools that enable connections between different levels of knowledge.   Methodological challenges When discussing the structure and purpose of frameworks, it is essential to emphasise the methodological challenges associated with their use and approach. Partelow (2023) explains that frameworks are a "black box", and despite the diversity of frameworks and their use, it remains unclear how a framework can be developed and applied. Furthermore, it is often unclear why certain concepts and relationships are selected for integration into frameworks, and others are not. Moreover, it is difficult to anchor framework concepts in a theory of science and to relate their contributions to other scientific tools such as models, specific theories and empirical data. Schlager (2007) adds that comparing frameworks to determine their use and paradigm is challenging as there are no well-developed criteria for such comparisons. Cox (2017) further explains that despite their widespread use, their scientific role is hardly discussed, apart from providing a common scientific language. Binder et al (2013) add that due to the wide variety and diversity of frameworks, even within a single discipline, it is very difficult for researchers entering the field to get an overview of the available frameworks and select the appropriate one to answer their research questions.   Proposing a definition To summarise, a framework is a multifaceted concept that serves as an essential tool across various disciplines. At its core, a framework can be understood as an overarching structure that supports, guides, and organises thought processes, actions, and research in a particular context. The primary function of a framework is to provide a structured approach to investigations and analyses. Frameworks frequently face challenges related to their development, application and comparison. Due to the "black box" nature of frameworks, their structure and the rationale behind the selection of specific concepts and relationships often remain unclear. In this sense, a framework is a dynamic and comprehensive tool that provides the necessary structure to support complex investigations and facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration. By providing a common language and a structured approach, they enable researchers and practitioners to navigate the complex landscapes of their respective fields, foster innovation and expand knowledge.